Novel non-coding rna, cancer target and compounds for cancer treatment

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the novel long non-coding BARD1 RNA molecule BARD1 9′L, siRNAs for therapeutic use and methods for the detection of BARD1 9′L as well as a promoters driving the expression of BARD1 9′L.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/797,148, filed on Jul. 12, 2015, which in turn claims priority to European Patent Application No. 14002398.7, filed on Jul. 12, 2014. Each application is incorporated herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to novel non-coding RNA and compounds for cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are ubiquitously expressed RNA molecules of more than 200 nucleotides without substantial ORFs. LncRNAs could act as epigenetic regulators of gene expression affecting transcription, mRNA stability and transport, and translation, although, precise functions have been attributed to only few of them. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) represent one recently emerged type of functional lncRNAs that share microRNA recognition sequences with mRNAs and may compete for microRNA binding and thus affect regulation and function of target mRNAs. We studied the epigenetic regulation of the BARD1 gene. The BARD1 protein acts as tumor suppressor with BRCA1. In cancer, mRNAs encoding the tumor suppressor full length BARD1 are often down-regulated while the expression of oncogenic truncated isoforms is boosted. We found that the BARD1 3′UTR is almost 3000 nt long and harbors a large number of microRNA binding elements. In addition we discovered a novel lncRNA, BARD1 9′L, which is transcribed from an alternative promoter in intron 9 of the BARD1 gene and shares part of the 3′UTR with the protein coding BARD1 mRNAs. We demonstrate with the example of two microRNAs, miR-203 and miR-101, that they down-regulate the expression of FL BARD1 and cancer-associated BARD1 mRNAs, and that BARD1 9′L counteracts the effect of miR-203 and miR-101, As BARD1 9′L is abnormally over-expressed in human cancers, we suggest it might be a tumor promoting factor and treatment target.

Long non coding RNAs (lncRNA) are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides and without substantial ORFs that may encode polypeptides (Kapranov et al. 2007; Dinger et al. 2009). The GENCODE consortium working within the framework of the ENCODE project recently presented the annotation of human lncRNAs, including 9277 genes which produce 14,880 transcripts (Derrien et al. 2012). Interestingly, they demonstrated that lncRNAs coding genes have histone-modification profiles, splicing signals, and exon/intron lengths similar to that of protein-coding genes. LncRNAs may also be polyadenylated and share exon sequences with the protein coding genes (Carninci et al. 2005; Derrien et al. 2012). LncRNAs are found in the nucleus as well as in the cytosol, and many lncRNAs are tissue specifically expressed (Carninci et al. 2005; Birney et al. 2007; Derrien et al. 2012). Despite the ubiquitous presence and abundant expression of lncRNAs, a function was attributed to only few of them.

LncRNAs are involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, as was shown with the examples of the regulation of the HOXC gene by antisense HOX intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) (He et al. 2011) and X chromosome inactivation in female mammals mediated by the inactive X-specific transcript (XIST) (Brown et al. 1991). LncRNAs may also play a role in a variety of cellular processes including transcription regulation, alternative splicing, RNA decay, nuclear import, and translation (Ponting et al. 2009; Wilusz et al. 2009; Wapinski and Chang 2011).

Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) represent one of the recently emerged types of functional lncRNAs. It has been shown that lncRNAs that share microRNA recognition elements (MRE) with specific mRNAs may compete for microRNA binding and thus affect the function of these mRNAs. The striking example of such a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is a ˜500 nt lncRNA first identified as the most up-regulated gene in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancers (Panzitt et al. 2007; Matouk et al. 2009). This RNA, termed HULC (highly up-regulated in liver cancer), is polyadenylated and consists of two exons. It inhibits the activity and competes for binding of miR-372 and reduces the activity of its target gene PRKACB (Wang et al. 2010). Similar to HULC, the non-coding PTENP1 pseudogene RNA, regulates tumor suppressor gene PTEN acting as ceRNA (Poliseno et al. 2010). PTENP1 mRNA shares homology with the PTEN mRNA 3′UTR and competes for microRNAs that down-regulates PTEN expression. Knockdown of endogenous PTENP1 in prostate cancer cells results in an increase in PTEN mRNA and protein levels and those of the miR-17-5 p/20 target p21 and potentially other relevant targets. A similar correlation of expression is found between KRAS and its pseudogene KRAS1P (Poliseno et al. 2010). It was suggested that protein-coding mRNAs and lncRNAs can interact with each other competing for microRNA binding (Salmena et al. 2011). CeRNAs are thus lncRNAs that are particularly interesting considering the importance of the regulatory function of microRNAs.

Indeed, microRNAs, small evolutionarily conserved RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides, act as expression regulators of genes involved in fundamental processes, such as development, differentiation, proliferation, survival and death (Ambros 2004). Researchers in the field estimate that there are likely more than a thousand microRNAs in the human genome, and that these microRNAs may target up to one-third of all human genes (Croce 2009). A mature microRNA is loaded into the microRNA-induced silencing complex where it is believed to either repress mRNA translation or reduce mRNA stability following imperfect binding between the microRNA and MRE, typically within the 3′ UTR of target genes (Garzon et al. 2010). MicroRNAs may function as tumor suppressors, oncogenes, or both. In many cases, these functions are disease or tissue-specific. Several observations implicated global deregulation of microRNAs in both solid and hematological malignancies (Croce 2009; Nana-Sinkam and Croce 2011).

In this study we show that the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) gene expression may be regulated by a large number of microRNAs and by a presumed lncRNA competing for microRNA binding. BARD1 has tumor suppressor functions and is involved in a number of cellular processes including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle checkpoint control, and mitosis (Jin et al. 1997; Hashizume et al. 2001; Westermark et al. 2003; Starita and Parvin 2003; Irminger-Finger and Jefford 2006; Joukov et al. 2006; Laufer et al. 2007; Murray et al. 2007; Ryser et al. 2009; Larsen et al. 2010; Li and Yu 2013). BARD1 has also been shown to be essential for the maintenance of genomic stability (Irminger-Finger et al. 1998; McCarthy et al. 2003; Li and Yu 2013). Several protein-coding mRNA isoforms of variable exon composition are expressed in human and murine cancers (Feki et al. 2005; Wu et al. 2006a; Li et al. 2007b; Lombardi et al. 2007; Sporn et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2012a, 2012b). The full length (FL) BARD1 mRNA includes 11 exons (FIG. 1A) and encodes a protein comprising an N-terminal RING-finger domain, three ankyrin repeats (ANK), and two C-terminal BRCT domains. In cancer, the mRNA encoding tumor suppressor FL BARD1 is often down-regulated, while the expression of other splice isoforms is boosted. The overexpression of BARD1 isoforms that lack RING or RING and ANK was not only associated with breast, ovarian, endometrial, cervical, lung, and colon cancer (Wu et al. 2006a; Li et al. 2007b; Sporn et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2012a, 2012b), but also correlated with advanced cancer stages of breast and ovarian cancer (Li et al. 2007b) and decreased patient survival time in lung cancer (Zhang et al. 2012a). Many studies suggest that the deficiency of FL BARD1 may have an oncogenic effect (Irminger-Finger et al. 1998; McCarthy et al. 2003; Tsuzuki et al. 2006; Capasso et al. 2009; Sabatier et al. 2010; Sporn et al. 2011) which would be consistent with the expression of spliced isoforms (Li et al. 2007a; Ryser et al. 2009; Ratajska et al. 2011; Bosse et al. 2012).

Importantly, SNPs in non-coding regions of or close to the BARD1 gene were clearly associated with neuroblastoma (Capasso et al. 2009; Nguyen et al. 2011; Latorre et al. 2012; Lee et al. 2013), and expression of isoforms was upregulated in the neuroblastoma-associated SNP genotype and correlated with disease progression and poor outcome (Bosse et al., 2012). In this study we provide evidence that a lncRNA expressed from an alternative intronic promoter of BARD1 may positively regulate BARD1 isoform expression.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1D show BARD1 mRNA and 3′UTR. FIG. 1A shows the structures of two BARD1 mRNAs. FIG. 1B shows the schematic exon structure of protein coding full length (FL) BARD1 mRNA and splice isoforms. FIG. 1C shows RT-PCR to amplify BARD1 FL and other splice isoforms, using the primers as indicated on top. FIG. 1D shows RT-PCR to amplify BARD1 FL and other splice isoforms, using the primers as indicated on top.

FIG. 2A shows the distribution of predicted high-score microRNAs on the BARD1 3′UTR sequence.

FIG. 2B shows genomic conservation of the BARD1 3′UTR among vertebrates.

FIG. 2C shows the predicted pairing of microRNAs with the region covering SNP rs7585356.

FIG. 2D shows the genomic conservation of the BARD1 3′UTR among vertebrates.

FIGS. 3A-3E show the characterization of the structure and expression of BARD1 9′S and 9′L isoforms. FIG. 3A shows an alignment of BARD1 gene (top), BARD1 9′L RNA, and BARD1 9′S RNA structures. FIG. 3B shows DNA and deduced protein sequence of BARD1 9′S. FIG. 3C shows two BARD1 9′ RNAs of different length, identified by 5′RACE PCR. FIG. 3D shows the expression of BARD1 9′S and BARD1 9′L investigated in four cancer cell lines. FIG. 3E schematically shows, on top, intron sequences in front of exon 9′, with approximate position of the functional estrogen response elements (ERE). Below is shown an analysis of this DNA region for chromatin features that indicate the position of putative BARD1 9′ promoter.

FIGS. 4A-3D show that BARD1 9′L counteracts the effect of miRNAs on BARD1 isoforms expression. FIG. 4A shows RT-PCR of FL BARD1 (upper panel), BARD1 9′L (middle panel) and GAPDH as an internal control. FIG. 4B shows the localization of microRNA target sites in the BARD1 3′UTR present in BARD1 9′L. FIG. 4C shows the effect of miR-203 and miR-101 on BARD1 isoforms expression. FIG. 4D shows the quantification of RT-PCR signals of C.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show BARD1 9′L expression in human cancers. FIG. 5A shows semi-quantitative RT-PCR for BARD1 9′ isoforms using p9′_F2 forward and p11_R1 reverse primers. FIG. 5B shows a histogram demonstrating the proportion of up-regulated, unchanged, and down-regulated BARD1 9′L expression in pairs of tumor/peri-tumor biopsies.

FIG. 6 shows the regulation of BARD1 and its isoforms by microRNAs and BARD1 9′L. On top, the intron-exon structure and 3′UTR regions of FL BARD1 and isoforms are aligned with positions of groups of microRNA binding sites indicated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventions relates to a long non-coding BARD1 RNA molecule and to methods of using the same.

In an aspect, the inventions relates to the long non-coding BARD1 RNA molecule BARD1 9′L comprising or consisting of by SEQ ID NO:1.

In another aspect the invention relates to a RNA molecule according to claim 1 characterized by additions or deletions, optionally at the 5′ or/and 3′ end from 5 to 1000 nucleotides.

Furthermore an aspect is a siRNA specifically interfering with the expression or function of BARD1 9′L.

In particular preferred are siRNAs targeting the sequence unique for BARD1 9′L (SEQ ID NO:2) comprising or consisting of a sequence as depicted in Table 2.

The one or more siRNA molecules of the invention can be applied for use as a medicament. In particular one or more siRNA molecules of the invention is useful for use in preventing or treating cancer, preferably pancreatic, prostate, neuroblastoma, liver, lung, colorectal cancer, breast cancer or leukemia.

BARD1 9′L can be applied for use in screening compounds for their usefulness in cancer prevention or treatment.

Another aspect is a method of screening for compounds, optionally siRNA, useful in the prevention or treatment of cancer wherein i. the compounds are applied to cells expressing BARD1 9′L, ii. measuring with known techniques FL BARD1 and BARD1 isoforms wherein their level of expression is indicative of the usefulness of the compound in the prevention or treatment of cancer.

Yet another aspect is a method for the identification and/or quantification of BARD1 9′L in one or more cells, optionally wherein the cells are harvested under suitable conditions, the nucleic acid molecules of said cells are collected with a suitable technique, the collected nucleic acid molecules are subject to RT-PCR under suitable conditions wherein one or more primers hybridizing under suitable conditions with BARD1 9′L or cDNA produced on the BARD1 9′L RNA template, optionally of Table 2, are used, and BARD1 9′L is identified and/or quantified with known techniques.

A method for the prevention or treatment of cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising the steps of: i. identifying the expression of BARD1 9′L in a sample of said patient, optionally quantifying the level of expression, ii. administering an effective amount of one or more siRNAs described herein to patients who express BARD1 9′L, preferably in a predefined amount or concentration.

The sample is preferably blood or a biopsy and the identification or/and quantification is preferably performed by RT-PCR or deep sequencing.

The invention will be useful preferably for the following aspects:

Therapeutic target: Novel BARD1 9′L sequence as a target for cancer treatment.

Therapeutic: BARD1 9′L sequence-specific siRNA set for direct inhibition of BARD1 9′L.

Diagnostic: primer set for RT-PCR detection/quantification of BARD1 9′L in patient samples.

The invention is based on the finding that non-coding RNA splice form encoded by the gene involved in oncogenesis (i.e. BARD1) can act as ceRNA and reduce the activity of micro-RNAs affecting BARD1, or BARD1 isoform expression. This will allow target treatment of certain forms of cancer.

The inventors found that the 3′UTR of BARD1 is significantly longer (˜3500 b) than previously reported (˜120 b). SNP rs7585356, located within the newly identified BARD1 3′UTR, is highly correlated with aggressive neuroblastoma and may affect specificity of several microRNAs targeting this region. This finding suggests that regulation of BARD1 and BARD1 isoform expression by microRNAs is critical for carcinogenesis, and furthermore, strengthens the importance of ceRNAs and BARD1 9′L in particular. The inventors found that the knock down of BARD1 9′L expression will reduce the expression of protein-coding oncogenic BARD1 isoforms in cancer cells and affect their proliferation.

Experimental data show for a number of cancers a correlation in expression of BARD1 9′L.

Experimentation can also show that down-regulation of BARD1 9′L through siRNA reduces cell proliferation.

The advantage of some aspects of the invention is inter alia that compared to the chemotherapy the proposed treatment will have less side effects and will be specific for the cancer cells where BARD1 9′L is abnormally unregulated. The use of siRNAs for BARD1 9′L inhibition will allow fast and specific inactivation of oncogenic BARD1 9′L and the isoforms depending on it.

In another aspect the invention relates to promoters which drive the transcription of BARD1 9′L.

We identified two putative promoters which may drive BARD1 9′L expression. The sequences and genomic location of these promoters are given in sequences 4 and 5 below.

The expression of BARD1 9′L may be suppressed on the level of transcription and thus diseases may be regulated, prevented or treated.

For targeting the promoter activity various approaches could be taken. The promoters could for example be modified through specifically engineered chromatin modifying enzymes.

The analysis of the chromatin modifications (DNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, transcription factors binding) of these sequences provides the information about the expression state of BARD1 9′L and as such may be used as a diagnostic tool. Accordingly, the invention in another aspect relates to a method for screening for compounds or molecules useful in modulating the expression of the BARD1 9′L promoters as depicted in sequences 4 and 5. Such methods include in vitro and in vivo assays wherein one or both of the promoter sequences is applied in a suitable setup, the compounds to be tested are applied under suitable conditions and a means for a read out of promoter activity is comprised in the setup. In this way compounds useful as drug for promoter regulation can be identified.

The compounds identified with such a method can in turn be used as medicament and in particular will be useful for the prevention of treatment of cancer.

Modulators of the BARD1 9′L promoter of the invention can be e.g. chromatin modifying enzymes or other enzymes or compounds modifying the promoter activity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS AND EXAMPLES Materials and Methods Construction of the Expression Vectors

BARD1 9′L cDNA was amplified using forward p9′_F1 (CCT GGG AAT CCC AAG GGT TC; SEQ ID NO:75) and reverse p11_R3 (CAT GAT AAA TCA AAA ACA TGC C; SEQ ID NO:71) primers and cloned into the Invitrogen pcDNA3.1(+) vector

Cell Culture and Transfection

Cells were cultured in D-MEM medium (Invitrogen) supplied with 10% FCS and penicillin/streptomycin and cultured at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. The cells were transfected with plasmid DNA, miR-203 and miR-101 mimics (QIAGEN) individually, or co-transfected using Attractene® transfection reagent (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. The expression of the genes of interest was assessed 48 h post-transfection. For transfection negative control, we used the empty Invitrogen pcDNA3.1(+) vector DNA or QIAGEN miScript Inhibitor Negative Control RNA.

Total RNA Extraction, Reverse Transcription and PCR

RT-PCR was performed for qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis of the expression of different BARD1 isoforms and for determination of their structure. RNA was isolated from cell culture pellets or frozen tissue samples using TRIzol® (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Patients' materials were as described previously for colon cancer (Zhang et al. 2012b) and lung cancer (Zhang et al. 2012a).

Reverse transcription was performed using Promega M-MLV reverse transcriptase according to manufacturer's guidelines using oligo-(dT) or sequence specific primer. Two μl of reversed transcription reaction mixture were used for amplification of various fragments of BARD1 with Paq5000 polymerase (STRATAGEN) in 50 μl as described previously (Zhang et al. 2012a). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was amplified as internal reference for RT-PV{grave over ( )}CR reactions. For semi-quantitative PCR, the number of PCR cycles was adjusted to stop the reaction in the logarithmic amplification stage: 20 cycles for human GAPDH amplification and 25 cycles for the amplification of BARD1 isoforms. The PCR products were resolved on the agarose gels, imaged and quantified using Alpha-InnoTec software package (www dot alpha-innotec dot ch). The quantification was based on three independent experiments.

The following primers were used for the RT and RT-PCR reactions:

pATG_F (SEQ ID NO: 66) ATG CCG GAT AAT CGG CAG CC p8_F (SEQ ID NO: 67) AGG GAT GGA CCT CTT GTA C p6_F (SEQ ID NO: 68) CTC CAG CAT AAG GCA TTG GT p11_R1 (SEQ ID NO: 69) CGA ACC CTC TCT GGG TGA TA p11_R2 (SEQ ID NO: 70) CAG CTG TCA AGA GGA AGC AAC p11_R3 (SEQ ID NO: 71) CAT GAT AAA TCA AAA ACA TGC C p11_R4 (SEQ ID NO: 72) AAG GGT TGA CTT ATA AAG AAA TAC p11_R5 (SEQ ID NO: 73) CAA CTT CTC AAT ATT TAT TTA TTC A p11_R6 (SEQ ID NO: 74) GCC AGG CAT AAG ACT ATT AGT TGA C p9′_F1 (SEQ ID NO: 75) CCT GGG AAT CCC AAG GGT TC p9′_F2 (SEQ ID NO: 76) CAA ATC ACT TAC AGT TTA ACA GAC G BARD1 isoform specific forward primers were:

BARD1β Junct ex1-4 (SEQ ID NO: 77) CTG CTC GCG TTG ATT TGA AAG BARD1γ Junct ex3-5 (SEQ ID NO: 78) CAA TGA GCT GTC AGG GCG AC BARD1δ Junct ex1-7 (SEQ ID NO: 79) TGC TCG CGT TGT AAT ATA TTT G

5′ RACE

The 5′ RACE for BARD1 9′ RNA was performed using 5′ RACE System (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) kit (Invitrogen, Catalog no. 18374-058) according to manufacturer's instructions. The following primers were used:

(SEQ ID NO: 80) 5′RACE GSP1CTG TTA AAC TGT AAG TGA TTT GAC (SEQ ID NO: 81) 5′RACE GSP2CCA AGC TCA GCT AGC CAC ACA ACA G

Ethical Permission for the Patient Samples

Pathological diagnoses were made by experienced pathologists based on WHO criteria and staged according to American Joint Committee on Cancer classification. All patients were informed and compliance was obtained as well as approval of the local ethical committees.

Public Databases Analysis

To analyze publically available data (EST sequences, chromatin modification data, chromatin associated factors distribution) UCSC Genome Browser on Human (assembly GRCh37/hg19 and ENCODE/GENECODE version 19 data) was used. MiRNA target prediction and evaluation was performed using a Regulatory RNA Motifs and Elements Finder (RegRNA: http colon slash slash regrna dot mbc dot nctu dot edu dot tw/html/prediction.html) and microRNA.org analysis tool.

The conservation of BARD1 3′UTR and intergenic region was analysed using 100 vertebrates Basewise Conservation by PhyloP (phyloP100wayAll) (Siepel et al. 2005; Pollard et al. 2009) with the help of UCSC Genome Browser (http colon slash slash genome dot ucsc.edu/).

Results

Identification of Long 3′UTR of BARD1 Containing a Large Number of Putative microRNA Target Sites

We discovered that the reported 3′end of the known BARD1 mRNA sequence coincides with a genomic poly-A stretch at position 2457 relative to the start of translation of FL BARD1 in the BARD1 gene, suggesting that the reported end of the BARD1 3′UTR was likely an artifact of reversed transcription and poly(A) mapping (FIG. 1A). Thus, the 3′UTR of BARD1 may be longer then it was reported previously. This interpretation is supported by the recent reconstruction of the reference BARD1 gene sequence (GeneBank accession number NM_000465.3), which is partially based on the sequencing of an incomplete polyadenylated EST (GeneBank accession number BU753556) (FIG. 1A) that maps the position of the BARD1 polyadenylation site at nucleotide 5364 relative to the start of translation of FL BARD1.

The BARD1 gene comprises 11 exons spliced together to form the FL BARD1 mRNA (FIG. 1B). Several isoforms of BARD1 are generated by exon skipping. However, all mRNA isoforms seem to have the same 5′ ends (FIG. 1B). Whether FL BARD1 and isoforms contain the same or different 3′UTR was an important question, and answers might provide a possible mechanism for the regulation of their respective expressions.

To verify whether FL BARD1 and BARD1 isoforms share the same extended 3′UTR beyond the reported 3′end at position 2457 relative to the start of translation of FL BARD1 (FIG. 1A), we performed reversed transcription using primers specific to the known BARD1 3′UTR (p11_R2), or a region downstream of position 2457 (p11_R3). Then we performed RT-PCR using a forward primer pATG_F annealing exon 1 of BARD1 and a reverse primer p11_R1 annealing to exon 11 of BARD1. We observed that all BARD1 isoforms were amplified equally well for both RT reactions (FIG. 1C). Thus, a 3′UTR longer than the reported 3′end is shared by all BARD1 splice isoforms.

To establish the length of the BARD1 3′UTR we performed RT-PCR using cDNA generated with RT primers p11_R5 and p11_R6 annealing correspondingly downstream and upstream of the poly-A site of BU753556 position (FIG. 1A) and compared this with the cDNA generated with p11_R2 and oligo dT primers (FIG. 1D). The amplification of p8_F-p11_R4 fragment was much less efficient for the oligo-dT generated cDNA then it was with the use of the cDNA generated with p11_R5 primer demonstrating that oligo-dT primer is not efficient for the generation of BARD1 cDNA with full sized 3′UTR.

FL BARD1 was amplified equally well in RT with the use of p11_R5, p11_R2 and oligo-dT suggesting that the majority of FL BARD1 mRNAs has a poly(A) tail at position 5364 relatively to the BARD1 ATG translation initiation codon. Importantly, the amplification of the fragments specific for BARD1 isoforms β, γ and δ was notably weaker for the p11_R5 cDNA then for p11_R2 and oligo-dT cDNAs. This suggests that a significant fraction of some oncogenic BARD1 isoforms with skipped exons possesses shorter 3′UTR using an alternative polyadenylation site.

The cDNA generated with p11_R6 primer did not generate a product with any of the primers used for PCR, indicating that the longest BARD1 mRNA has a poly(A) tail at position 5364 relatively to the start of translation of FL BARD1. This also rules out the possibility of RNA self-priming during the RT reaction, which may result in background amplification.

We conclude that the maximum length of the BARD1 3′UTR is 3030 nt. Considering that the median length of 3′UTRs of human mRNAs is about 500 nt (Mazumder et al. 2003), this might suggest an important regulatory role for the BARD1 3′UTR. To support this view we compared the 3′UTR of BARD1 between 100 vertebrate species. Interestingly, the BARD1 3′UTR includes a regions of high degree of conservation (FIG. 2B) suggesting a conserved regulatory role for this region, presumably linked to the microRNA functions.

In addition, the BARD1 3′UTR contains a small nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7585356, (FIG. 1A), which was identified in a genome wide association screen with aggressive neuroblastoma (Capasso et al. 2009). The effect of this SNP may now be explained by its localization within the 3′UTR of BARD1. We analyzed the region of the BARD1 3′UTR, from the BARD1 stop codon to the primer downstream of rs758535 (nucleotides 2335-2587, relative to the start of translation of FL BARD1) and identified a large number of high scoring and conserved putative microRNA target sites (FIG. 2A and Table 1). In particular, we found that several microRNAs could target the region around SNP rs7585356 (FIG. 2C). MiR-513c and miR-514b-5p only target the neuroblastoma-associated “A” (Capasso et al. 2009) but not the “C” genotype of the SNP rs7585356. The rs7585356 genotype may also affect the targeting of microRNAs miR-588 and miR-668. SNP rs7585356 seems to be a hotspot for microRNA binding and this may provide an explanation for the association of SNP rs7585356 with neuroblastoma. Further, we found that the genomic sequence flanking the SNP rs7585356 has significant degree of conservation between 10 mammalian species (FIG. 2D) compared to the inter-genic non-transcribed regions.

The BARD1 Gene Encodes a Non-Coding RNA with Alternative Transcription Start

We identified an incomplete spliced EST sequence (accession number AK310759) comprising exons 10 and 11 of BARD1, which expanded beyond the reported 3′end of BARD1 at position 2458 respective to the translation start codon of BARD1. This mRNA contained an additional exon, termed exon 9′, located within intron 9 of BARD1 (FIG. 3A). This isoform, designated BARD1 9′S, has an ORF that starts within exon 9′ and may encode a polypeptide of 148 amino acids, of which amino acids 1-6 are unique for BARD1 9′S, while amino acids 7-148 correspond to amino acids 636-777 of FL BARD1 (FIG. 3B).

To identify the transcription start site of BARD1 9′S, we performed 5′RACE on RNA from breast cancer derived cell line MCF7 with nested primers specific to exon 9′. We found that BARD1 9′S contained additional 212 bp at the 5′end reflecting the 9′S transcription start site (FIG. 3A). Thus, we conclude that the BARD1 9′S isoform has a transcription start in intron 9 of BARD1, which is different from the transcription start of all other BARD1 isoforms described. Importantly, none of the previously described BARD1 mRNAs encoding exon 1 comprises exon 9′, excluding the possibility that the 5′end of BARD1 9′S could be an incomplete version of an isoform derived from splicing.

Furthermore, the RACE experiment revealed also another, longer mRNA product, with the same transcription start site as BARD1 9′S (FIG. 3C). Sequence analysis demonstrated that this isoform did not splice the intron between exon 9′ and exon 10, but contained a longer exon 9′ which was directly fused to exon 10 (FIG. 3A). We termed this isoform BARD1 9′L. Interestingly, in contrast to BARD1 9′S, which may encode a protein of 148 amino acids, BARD1 9′L appears to be a non-coding RNA as it contains no ORFs longer than 65 codons (Kapranov et al. 2007; Dinger et al. 2009).

We investigated the expression of BARD1 9′S and BARD1 9′L in four human cancer cell lines: MCF7 (breast cancer), A549 (lung cancer), and DL145 and LNCaP (prostate cancer) by RT-PCR (FIG. 3E). Interestingly, we observed the BARD1 9′S isoform signal only in the MCF7 cell line. However, the BARD1 9′L isoform was expressed in all cell lines tested and was much more abundant than BARD1 9′S.

FL BARD1 and other isoforms comprising exon 1, have transcription start sites that are separated from the BARD1 9′S and 9′L isoforms transcription start by 78 kb. Therefore, they must be transcribed from different promoters and have independent regulatory sequences. Using publically available databases we analysed the distribution of chromatin modifications, DNAse hypertensive sites, and binding sites for protein factors associated with the regulation of gene activity in the vicinity of the putative BARD1 9′ isoforms promoter sequence (FIG. 3E). We found two clusters of an increased level of histone H3K27 acetylation, a marker of regulatory regions associated with transcriptionally active chromatin. Cluster 1 is located approximately 5 kb upstream of the BARD1 9′ transcription start site, cluster 2 overlaps the BARD1 9′ transcription start site. Both H3K27 acetylation clusters co-localise also with clusters of DNAse hypersensitive sites and a number of transcription factor binding sites (FIG. 3E).

Interestingly, cluster 1 is adjacent to the functional 288 bp estrogen receptor α (ERα) binding element (ERE) (Creekmore et al. 2007). It was shown that treatment of MCF-7 cells with estrogen increased expression of FL BARD1 and BARD1 isoform mRNA and protein levels (Creekmore et al. 2007; Dizin and Irminger-Finger 2010). This ERE is located 73 kb downstream of the FL BARD1 transcription start site and 4.5 kb upstream of the BARD1 9′ transcription start site and next to the H3K27 acetylation cluster 1, which might suggest that ERα/estrogen-dependent upregulation of FL BARD1 and BARD1 isoform expression might be regulated indirectly via the BARD1 RNAs transcribed from the 9′ transcription start site.

BARD1 9′L Competes for Down-Regulation of the Expression of BARD1 Isoforms by miR-203 and miR-101

To investigate if BARD1 9′L RNA influences the expression of other BARD1 isoforms, we compared the expression levels of FL BARD1 and BARD1 9′L isoforms in the four human cancer cell lines MCF7, A549, DL145, and LNCaP and found that the expression levels of FL BARD1 and BARD1 9′L were correlated (FIG. 4B). This seemed reminiscent of the relationship between ceRNAs and the mRNAs which they compete for, e.g. PTEN-PTENP1 and KRAS1P-KRAS, a gene-oncogene relationship (Poliseno et al. 2010). We therefore hypothesized that BARD1 9′L may regulate FL BARD1 and BARD1 isoform expressions and functions.

To verify this hypothesis, we first cloned the BARD1 9′L isoform into the pcDNA expression vector using p9′_F1 and p11_R3 primers (FIG. 2A). The 3′end sequence of this clone (nucleotides 2335-2587, relative to the start of translation of FL BARD1) contains a number of high score and conserved putative microRNA target sites (FIG. 2A, 4A, Table 1), consistent with a role of 9′L as a competitor for microRNA binding.

To test the proposed relationship between microRNAs and BARD1 9′L and their effect on the expression of the BARD1 gene, we performed transfection assays, overexpressing BARD1 9′L and microRNAs. We choose the A549 cell line, which showed the lowest expression level of endogenous BARD1 9′L RNA of all the cell lines tested. We found that mimics of human miR-203 and miR-101 reduced the expression level of FL BARD1, BARD1β, BARD1δ, and BARD1δ mRNAs (FIG. 4C, D), suggesting a role of these microRNAs in reducing FL BARD1 and BARD1 isoform expression. At the same time, cells transfected with pcDNA vector expressing BARD1 9′L (pcDNA-9′) showed increased levels of these mRNAs, suggesting that BARD1 9′L may protect BARD1 mRNAs from repression by endogenous microRNAs. Finally, when cells were co-transfected with miR-203 or miR-101 and pcDNA-9′L, the levels of BARD1 mRNAs were restored. These experiments demonstrate that BARD1 9′L may counteract the negative regulation of BARD1 mRNA expression by microRNAs in living cell.

The BARD1 9′L is Over-Expressed in Cancer Tissues

Numerous studies showed that miR-203 has tumor suppressor functions in various cancer types (Gaur et al. 2007; Bueno et al. 2008; Feber et al. 2008) as its expression was abolished by chromosomal deletion or promoter CpG island hypermethylation in cancer cells (Bueno et al. 2008; Furuta et al. 2010). MiR-203 transcription was specifically repressed by the epithelial-mesenchymal translation (EMT) activator ZEB1, contributing to pancreatic and colorectal cancer cell invasive and metastatic behavior (Wellner et al. 2009). Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that miR-203 is significantly down-regulated in colorectal cancer cells (Chiang et al. 2011). The tumor suppressor role for miR-203 was also demonstrated in prostate cancer where it targets several genes controlling proliferation (Saini et al. 2010; Viticchiè et al. 2011). It was also shown that miR-203 is suppressed during EMT in the epithelial MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (Guttilla et al. 2011). Similarly, miR-101 has been shown to have tumor suppressor functions or is down-regulated in many types of cancer, including prostate cancer (Varambally et al. 2008; Hao et al. 2011), neuroblastoma (Buechner et al. 2011), liver (Leung-Kuen Au et al. 2012), and lung (Luo et al. 2011; Thu et al. 2011).

As overexpressed BARD1 isoforms are associated with cancer progression and can drive carcinogenesis, the expression of non-coding transcripts, such as BARD1 9′L, may protect them from down-regulation by tumor suppressor microRNAs, and this might contribute to carcinogenesis. We used a set of tumor and peri-tumor biopsy pairs from lung and colorectal cancer patients to investigate the level of expression of BARD1 9′L in cancer tissue. We found that BARD1 9′L expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues then in the paired peri-tumor samples (FIG. 5A, B). These findings support the hypothesis that BARD1 9′L may antagonizes the repressive effect of microRNAs on FL BARD1 and/or its isoforms.

It was observed that lncRNAs are highly abundant in cells, but their importance for the regulation of gene function is still argued (Wang et al. 2004; Dinger et al. 2009). There are not many examples of functional lncRNAs for which the mechanisms of action are known, but this number is growing. Here we show that the transcription of the BARD1 gene from an alternative intronic promoter produces a putative long non-coding RNA that shares 3′end sequences with protein coding BARD1 mRNAs and regulates their expression. Importantly, we found that the majority of FL BARD1 mRNAs has a very long 3′UTR with the poly(A) site at the position 5364 relatively to its start of translation, while BARD1 9′L, as well as some oncogenic BARD1 isoforms that lack internal exons form shorter 3′ends. This finding might add to the complexity of the regulation of expression of different products of the BARD1 gene, and suggests an important role for BARD1 9′L in carcinogenesis.

FL BARD1 is underrepresented or not present in cancer, while splice isoforms encoding truncated BARD1 protein variants are often over-expressed and associated with carcinogenesis. It has been shown that cancer-associated BARD1 isoforms antagonize the functions of FL-BARD1 as tumor suppressor and act as a driving force for carcinogenesis. Understanding the regulation of expression of FL BARD1 and its isoforms is therefore of utmost importance. The role for BARD1 9′L suggested here provides a mechanism for such regulation.

The BARD1 9′L consists of two exons, which are partially shared with the mRNAs transcribed from the BARD1 gene. The two-exon structure is the most common structure for lncRNAs (Derrien et al. 2012). BARD1 9′L is transcribed from an alternative independent promoter and, importantly, the profile of H3K27 acetylation in the putative BARD1 9′L regulatory regions in intron 9 is more tissue specific than the bona fide BARD1 promoter upstream of exon 1. Modifications associated with active transcription from the intron 9 promoter of BARD1 were observed in only few cell types (beta-lymphocyte, blood vessel) in healthy individuals, while this alternative BARD1 promoter appears to be active in the majority of tissues reported in public databases. This implies an independent and specific regulation of the transcription of BARD1 9′S, and, more importantly, BARD1 9′L RNA.

We found that the 3′UTR of BARD1 is significantly longer than the median human 3′UTR, and we suggest that it has an important regulatory function. It may be involved in the regulation of mRNA transport and stability, or regulation by microRNAs. The last seems to be important for BARD1. There is indeed accumulating evidence linking the BARD1 3′UTR to microRNAs and cancer. We found that SNP rs7585356, which is associated with neuroblastoma, localized within and potentially affecting the target sequence of several microRNAs, and thus might be involved in the microRNA-dependent regulation of expression of BARD1 and its isoforms in neuroblastoma. It was also shown that miR-19a and miR-19b down-regulate the expression of the cancer-associated BARD1ω isoform in acute myeloid leukemia (Lepore et al. 2013). To verify the role for SNP rs7585356 and microRNAs presumably affected by this polymorphism, the effect of selected microRNAs on the expression of both variants of rs7585356 has to be tested in the reporter gene experiment.

It was discovered that microRNAs could induce de-adenylation of mRNAs. In general, de-adenylation leads to destabilization of mRNAs (Behm-Ansmant et al. 2006; Wu et al. 2006b; Wakiyama et al. 2007). We have identified a large number of microRNAs that could potentially bind the BARD1 3′UTR and regulate the stability of BARD1 mRNAs. Thus, regulation of BARD1 expression by microRNAs might be a general and important feature. The expression of BARD1 9′L, however, might be a tumor promoting feature. We demonstrate that two microRNAs that down-regulate BARD1 isoforms are competed for by BARD1 9′L, which counteracts their effect on BARD1 repression, supporting our hypothesis. To ultimately confirm BARD1 9′L function as a ceRNA, the direct action of microRNAs on its expression has to be demonstrated by mutating microRNA target sites and their effect has to be tested in the context of abolished Dicer activity. The specific knock-down of BARD1 9′L is also necessary to establish its effect on BARD1 expression in physiological conditions.

We found that BARD1 9′L is abnormally over-expressed in cancer. This overexpression could be induced by epigenetic modification of the BARD1 9′L promoter region. Other than the observed modifications (FIG. 3A), the BARD1 9′ promoter might be modulated by hormones as it is in close vicinity of ERE which have been shown to be functional (Creekmore et al. 2007; Dizin and Irminger-Finger 2010). FL BARD1 and isoform expression is increased in response to hormone treatment in hormone-responsive cells derived from breast cancer. However, in hormone-non-responsive breast cancer cells BARD1 isoforms are constitutively up-regulated, suggesting regulatory elements that control hormone responsiveness are lost in these cells. BARD1 9′L could be the critical element in the switch from hormone-dependent expression to constitutive expression, through epigenetic modulation of its promoter. To clarify the mechanisms of BARD1 9′L promoter regulation, promoter assays using reporter genes have to be performed. The correlation of BARD1 9′L expression and the expression of protein-coding oncogenic BARD1 isoforms is particularly important for understanding its role in carcinogenesis and has to be addressed with the use of larger cohorts of patients.

Based on our observations, we hypothesize that the promoter driving the expression of BARD1 9′L is silenced in normal tissues, while the bona fide BARD1 promoter is active and tumor suppressor FL BARD1 is predominantly produced (FIG. 6). In cancer cells changes in the epigenetic and hormone-dependent gene regulation accompanying carcinogenesis activate the expression of BARD1 9′L, which protects oncogenic BARD1 isoforms. Our data suggest that the initial 250 nucleotides of the BARD1 3′UTR are a minimal fragment of the BARD1 3′UTR equally shared by FL BARD1 and truncated BARD1 isoforms (FIG. 1C, D). We demonstrated here that several of BARD1 mRNAs including FL BARD1 may be down-regulated by microRNAs seeding in the initial 250 nucleotides of the BARD1 3′UTR. Based on the above conclusions we denoted the minimal common BARD1 3′UTR region as miRNAs-250 (FIG. 6). At the same time, FL BARD1 having longer 3′UTR may still be down-regulated by microRNAs seeding in the region of the BARD1 3′UTR which is often missing in oncogenic BARD1 isoforms (miRNAs-3000). As a result, the ratio may be shifted in favor of oncogenic BARD1 isoforms thus driving carcinogenesis (FIG. 6). Considering that the BARD1 9′ promoter appears to be inactive in healthy tissues, according to the available data, BARD1 9′L may represent a potential therapeutic target. Further experiments including isoform-specific 3′ RACE and investigation of the effect of miRNAs-3000 on BARD1 mRNAs expression are necessary to define the BARD1 isoforms 3′UTRs and their role in the regulation of BARD1 expression.

Interestingly, BARD1 9′L shares 3′end sequences with protein-coding mRNAs. A large number of non-coding RNAs with similar structure were annotated recently, and systematic testing of the functionality of such RNAs expressed within the genes with important functions will be interesting for a better understanding of their role in gene expression regulation.

FIGS. 1A-1D. BARD1 mRNAs and 3′UTR

FIG. 1A) The structures of two BARD1 mRNAs, BARD1 NM_000465.2 and BARD1 NM_000465.3 are shown. BARD1 NM_000465.2 mRNA represents the hitherto described BARD1 reference cDNA. BARD1 NM_000465.3 represents the longest BARD1 mRNA predicted on the base of analysis of available EST sequences. The positions of the NM_000465.2 poly(A) (genomic poly(A) stretch), the neuroblastoma-associated SNP rs7585356, and the NM_000465.3 poly(A) positions are indicated. Numbering is relatively to the translation start for FL BARD1. Arrows show the positions of the primers used for RT reactions and RT-PCR amplifications.

FIG. 1B) The schematic exon structure of protein coding full length (FL) BARD1 mRNA and splice isoforms is presented. Protein coding exons are presented as grey boxes or empty boxes for alternative ORFs, while lines represent non-coding sequences.

FIG. 1C) RT-PCR was performed using forward primer pATG_F and reverse p11_R1 or p11-R2 primers (FIG. 1B) to amplify BARD1 FL and other splice isoforms. All isoforms were amplified equally well from cDNA generated with primers within the reported BARD1 3′UTR (p11-R2) as with the primer downstream of the presumed polyadenylation signal at position 2457 (p11-R3).

FIG. 1D) The cDNA was generated with p11_R5 primer located upstream of the position of BARD1 NM_000465.3 mRNA poly(A), or p11_R6 primer located downstream of the position of BARD1 NM_000465.3 mRNA poly(A) site, or p11_R2 primer, upstream of the presumed polyadenylation at position 2457 relatively to the translation start codon of FL BARD1, or oligo-dT. RT-PCR was performed using the combinations of primers indicated at the right. Note that FL BARD1 is amplified equally well from RT reactions generated with p11_R5, p11_R2, or oligo-dT, while the amplification of p8_F-p11_R4 fragment is much less efficient for the oligo (dT) generated cDNA. Importantly, the amplification of the fragments specific for BARD1 isoforms 9′L, β, γ and δ is notably weaker for the p11_R5 cDNA then for p11_R2 and oligo-dT cDNAs. None of these fragments was amplified using the cDNA generated with p11_R6 primer indicating that the longest BARD1 mRNA ends with the poly(A) site at the position 5364 relatively to the start of translation of FL BARD1.

FIGS. 2A-2D. The BARD1 3′UTR a Target for Numerous microRNAs

FIG. 2A) The distribution of predicted high-score microRNAs on the BARD1 3′UTR sequence (positions 1-1150 from the stop codon) is shown. MicroRNAs with confirmed effect on BARD1 mRNAs miR-203, miR-101, and miR-19a and 19b (Lepore et al., 2013) are shown in red, target sequences including SNP rs7585356, miR-513c, miR-514b-5p, miR-588 and miR-668, are shown in green.

FIG. 2B) Genomic conservation of the BARD1 3′UTR among vertebrates. The upper panel shows the fraction of the BARD1 intron 10 (black line) followed by exon 11 of the BARD1 gene (protein-coding part is represented by gray box, 3′UTR is shown as a black box). The inergenic region following BARD1 gene is shown as a dashed line. The lower panel demonstrates the degree of 100 vertebrates Basewise Conservation by PhyloP.

FIG. 2C) Predicted pairing of microRNAs with the region covering SNP rs7585356. Note that microRNAs hsa-miR-513c, hsa-miR-514b-5p, and hsa-miR-588 pair more efficiently to the SNP variant “U” associated with the genotype of healthy subjects, while hsa-miR-668 pairs more efficient to the SNP variant “C” associated with neuroblastoma.

FIG. 2D) The alignment of the genomic sequence covering SNP rs7585356 between different species is shown. Red bracket represents the sequence shown on the panel E in anti-sense direction. The polymorphism site is shown as dashed box.

FIGS. 3A-3E. Characterization of Structure and Expression of BARD1 9′S and 9′L Isoforms

FIG. 3A) The schemes of the BARD1 gene (top), BARD1 9′L RNA, and BARD1 9′S RNA structures are aligned. BARD1 9′L sequence does not have an ORF as it includes the intron between exon 9′ and 10, 9′S does. The arrows indicate approximate positions of primers used for reversed transcription and PCR. White boxes represent non-translated sequence and grey boxes protein-coding sequences.

FIG. 3B) DNA and deduced protein sequence of BARD1 9′S is shown for the region of the junction between exon 9′ (red) to exon 10 (black), beginning at first ATG and including in-frame splicing to exon 10.

FIG. 3C) 5′RACE PCR identifies two BARD1 9′ RNAs of different length. BARD1 cDNA was synthesized using p11_R3 primer for RT reaction. BARD1 9′ S and BARD1 9′L cDNAs were amplified with p9′_F1 and p11_R1 primers.

FIG. 3D) The expression of BARD1 9′S and BARD1 9′L was investigated in four cancer cell lines. RT-PCR was performed using forward p9′_F2 and reversed p11_R1 primers. BARD1 9′S RNA was only expressed in MCF7 cells and at low levels. BARD1 9′L was expressed in all four cell lines. GAPDH RT-PCR was used as a loading control (lower panel).

FIG. 3E) Schematic scheme of intron sequences in front of exon 9′ is shown on top, with approximate position of the functional estrogen response elements (ERE). Arrow indicates the start of BARD1 9′ transcription. Analysis of this DNA region for chromatin features that indicate the position of putative BARD1 9′ promoter is shown below: Histograms indicate position of the histone H3K27 acetylation, an indicator of transcriptionally active regulatory sequences. The H3K27 acetylation is tissue specific and color coded as pink for beta-lymphocyte (Cluster 1) and blue for blood vessel (Cluster 2). The panel below represents the localization of DNAse I hypersensitive sites, and bottom panel shows the position of transcription factor (listed underneath) binding sites.

FIGS. 4A-4D. BARD1 9′L Counteracts the Effect of miRNAs on BARD1 Isoforms Expression

FIG. 4A) Localization of microRNA target sites in the BARD1 3′UTR present in BARD1 9′L is shown. Positions 1-125 are BARD1 3′UTR sequence from the reference sequence NM_000465.2, and positions 126-253 correspond to newly identified BARD1 3′UTR sequence (shown in italic) and present in BARD1 9′L. Genomic poly-A stretch is shown in bold blue. The distribution of the most conserved and high-score microRNAs is shown. miR-203 and miR-101 sequences and their target sites are shown in bold red.

FIG. 4B) The expression level of BARD1 9′L correlates with the expression level of FL BARD1 in cancer cells. RT-PCR of FL BARD1 (upper panel), BARD1 9′L (middle panel) and GAPDH as an internal control are shown.

FIG. 4C) BARD1 9′L counteracts the effect of miR-203 and miR-101 on BARD1 isoforms expression. The A549 cell line was transfected with microRNA mimics and pcDNA vector expressing BARD1 9′L as indicated on the top with (+) or (−), scrambled control RNA or empty pcDNA vector. FL BARD1 expression was monitored by RT-PCR using pATG_F and p11_R1 primers, and expression of isoforms BARD1β, BARD1γ, and BARD1δ was determined by using isoforms-specific forward primers and p11_R1 as a reversed primer. Note, that miR-203 and miR-101 alone down-regulate the expression of all isoforms, while pcDNA-9′L alone up-regulates their expression and counteracts the effect of microRNAs when co-transfected. The representative images of RT-PCR electrophoresis are shown.

FIG. 4D) Quantification of RT-PCR signals of panel C. The intensity signals of BARD1 isoforms were normalized on the intensity of corresponding GAPDH signals (gray bars) and then normalized to the negative control signal values taken as 1.0 (black bars). Error bars show the standard deviation calculated for three independent experiments.

FIGS. 5A-5B. BARD1 9′L Expression in Human Cancers.

FIG. 5A) Semi-quantitative RT-PCR for BARD1 9′ isoforms using p9′_F2 forward and p11_R1 reverse primers. The expression of BARD1 9′L was monitored for 22 pairs tumor (T) and adjacent normal (N) tissues from biopsies. GAPDH was assessed as internal control.

FIG. 5B) The histogram demonstrates the proportion of up-regulated, unchanged, and down-regulated BARD1 9′L expression in pairs of tumor/peri-tumor biopsies. The number of cases with BARD1 9′L up-regulation in tumor tissues was statistically significantly (p<0.01) and higher then both down-regulation or unchanged according to the Fisher's exact test.

FIG. 6. Complex Regulation of BARD1 and its Isoforms by microRNAs and BARD1 9′L

Intron-exon structure and 3′UTR regions of FL BARD1 and isoforms are aligned (top) with positions of groups of microRNA binding sites indicated.

In normal cells the BARD1 9′L promoter is silenced. BARD1 9′L has a 3′end comprising positions 1-250 of the BARD1 3′UTR shown to be minimal common fragment for all tested BARD1 isoforms and responding on microRNA treatment. A combination of microRNAs targeting the BARD1 3′UTR, either positions 1-250 (miRs-250) or positions 251-3000) (miRs-3000), are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and effect repression of FL BARD1 as well as isoforms. FL BARD1 contains a long 3′UTR (positions 1-3000), but isoforms tend to have shorter 3′UTRs. Isoform with short 3′UTR BARD1β, BARD1γ, and BARD1δ are shown. Thus, in healthy tissues (normal) microRNAs maintain equilibrium of FL BARD1 and its isoforms in favor of FL BARD1 and maintenance of genomic instability, DNA repair, and cell cycle control functions of BARD1 are secured. In cancer cells, the BARD1 9′L promoter is active, BARD1 9′L competes for binding microRNAs targeting the BARD1 3′UTR region 1-250, but not microRNAs targeting the 3′UTR region 251-3000, thus creating a disequilibrium in favor of BARD1 isoforms with a short 3′UTR. BARD1 isoforms antagonize FL BARD1 functions, which leads to genetic instability, loss of DNA repair and cell cycle control functions, and permits uncontrolled proliferation.

Table 1 contains a list of microRNAs potentially targeting the BARD1 3′UTR which are preferred embodiments of the invention

TABLE 1 List of miRNAs potentially targeting the BARD1 3′UTR Target miRBase position Query accession start/end Associated tissue, disease Reference hsa-miR- MI0000283 4 25 Myeloma, endometrial [5][3][14] 203 carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma hsa-miR- MIMAT0000074 14 39 Neurons, AML [11][1][12][3] 19a [4] hsa-miR- MI0000073 14 39 Neurons, AML, fetal liver, [1][11][12][6] 19b cervix [8][2][7][13][8] [3][9][4] hsa-miR- MI0000462 46 67 embryonic stem cells, cervix [7][3][4][9][10] 152 hsa-miR- MI0000448 48 66 embryonic stem cells [7][8][3][4] 130a hsa-miR- MI0000103 51 68 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, [1][2][3][4] 101 squamous cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, liver cancer hsa-miR- MIMAT0004806 69 90 Colorectal cancer [15][3] 548c-5p hsa-miR- MIMAT0005928 69 90 Colorectal cancer [15][3] 548h-5p hsa-miR- MI0003632 83 103 colorectal cancer [15][3] 618 hsa-miR- MI0006398 250 270 embryonic stem cells [20] 1263 hsa-miR- MIMAT0000683 305 331 embryonic stem cells [29][8][23][3] 302a* hsa-miR- MIMAT0004687 312 331 embryonic stem cells [8][3] 371a-5p hsa-miR- MIMAT0002870 314 336 NA [41][3] 499a-5p hsa-miR- MI0000782 319 342 embryonic stem cells, cervix [8][16][3][4] 374a hsa-miR- MI0005566 319 342 cervix [17][3][4] 374b hsa-miR- MI0016590 333 354 Psoriasis [38][39] 3934 hsa-miR- MIMAT0018121 339 361 peripheral blood [35] 3692-5p hsa-miR- MIMAT0004556 347 368 Colorectal cancer [5][6][3][4] 10b* hsa-miR- MI0003814 442 467 embryonic stem cells; breast [17][20][21] 1271 cancer hsa-miR- MIMAT0015088 462 479 Melanoma [28][31][34][32] 514b-3p hsa-miR- MI0016598 531 554 NA [38] 3941 hsa-miR- MI0015889 539 562 embryonic stem cells [30] 4280 hsa-miR- MIMAT0004595 553 573 embryonic stem cells [7][8][3] 135a-3p hsa-miR- MIMAT0004701 582 603 Neurons; cervix [22][23][3][4] 338-5p hsa-miR- MI0000785 616 636 NA [36][16][3] 377 hsa-miR- MIMAT0003293 646 668 Colorectal cancer [15][3] 624-5p hsa-miR- MI0014179 741 762 Melanoma [17][31][28][32] 3152 hsa-miR- MIMAT0000757 780 802 Neurons; Cervical cancer [22][23][13][3] 151a-3p [4] hsa-miR- MI0015825 782 803 embryonic stem cells [30] 378c hsa-miR- MI0001444 785 803 HL-60 cell line [40][3] 422a hsa-miR- MI0000786 786 803 pancreatic islet [37][2][3] 378a hsa-miR- MI0006406 796 818 embryonic stem cells [20] 1269 hsa-miR- MI0015999 807 831 Cervical cancer [34] 3609 hsa-miR- MI0005523 833 856 NA [3] 298 hsa-miR- MI0016422 883 909 NA [28] 3916 hsa-miR- MIMAT0015089 884 906 Melanoma [31] 3202 hsa-miR- MI0014204 885 908 Melanoma [31][32][33] 3173 hsa-miR- MI0000285 933 955 Cervical cancer; [5][3][4][26] 205 nasopharyngeal carcinomas hsa-miR- MI0010634 934 956 ovary [27][28] 2115 hsa-miR- MI0000826 938 960 Neurons [22][23] 346 hsa-miR- MI0006327 941 962 NA [19] 1237 hsa-miR- MI0000239 947 968 Cervical cancer [24][3][4] 197 hsa-miR- MI0000742 951 970 embryonic stem cells [29][3] 34b hsa-miR- MI0006359 973 998 embryonic stem cells [20] 1299 hsa-miR- MI0014175 973 995 Melanoma [31] 3148 hsa-miR- MI0014176 996 1018 Melanoma [31][28] 3149 hsa-miR- MI0006383 1008 1034 embryonic stem cells [20] 1248 hsa-miR- MI0015899 1026 1046 embryonic stem cells [30] 4290 hsa-miR- MI0006271 1059 1085 human sarcoma [18] 1178 hsa-miR- MI0016081 1062 1080 peripheral blood [35] 3680 hsa-miR- MIMAT0003883 1064 1086 NA [17] 767-3p hsa-miR- MI0009986 1071 1089 childhood acute lymphoblastic [25] 1976 leukemia hsa-miR- MI0003761 1075 1105 NA [17][10] 668 hsa-miR- MIMAT0015087 1079 1101 Melanoma; Cervix [28][31][34][32] 514b-5p hsa-miR- MI0006649 1080 1101 Cervix [42][34] 513c hsa-miR- MI0003597 1086 1107 Colorectal cancer [15] 588 hsa-miR- MIMAT0015377 1089 1110 Breast [30][28][31][32] 3126-3p hsa-miR- MI0000299 1095 1115 embryonic stem cells; cervix; [5][8][2][3][4][27] 222 ovarian cancer hsa-miR- MI0003670 1096 1115 Colorectal cancer [15] 662 hsa-miR- MI0011285 1111 1132 Teratoma [21] 2278 hsa-miR- MIMAT0002833 1115 1135 NA [3][41] 520a-5p hsa-miR- MIMAT0018085 1120 1140 NA [38] 3663-3p hsa-miR- MIMAT0000705 1136 1162 NA [3][16][41] 362-5p hsa-miR- MI0003184 1138 1163 NA [3][41] 500a

The list of the putative miRNA targeting BARD1 3′UTR at nucleotides 2335-3535, relative to the start of translation of FL BARD1. The miRNAs with the Minimum Free Energy <−14.0 and score >140 according to the http colon slash slash regrna dot mbc dot nctu dot edu.tw/ scan are listed. The miRNAs targeting SNP rs7585356 are highlighted in green.

References: [1]. Mourelatos Z et al. (2002) PMID: 11914277. [2]. Kasashima K et al. (2004) PMID: 15325244. [3]. Landgraf P et al. (2007) PMID: 17604727. [4]. Lui W-O et al. (2007) PMID: 17616659. [5]. Lim L P et al. (2003) PMID: 12624257. [6]. Michael M Z et al. (2003) PMID: 14573789. [7]. Lagos-Quintana M et al. (2002) PMID: 12007417. [8]. Suh M-R et al. (2004) PMID: 15183728. [9]. Koh W et al. (2010) PMID: 20158877. [10]. Meunier J et al. (2013) PMID: 23034410. [11]. Lagos-Quintana M et al. (2001) PMID: 11679670. [12]. Dostie J et al. (2003) PMID: 12554860. [13]. Fu H et al. (2005) PMID: 15978578. [14]. Sonkoly E et al. (2007) PMID: 17622355. [15]. Cummins J M et al. (2006) PMID: 16505370. [16]. Sewer A et al. (2005) PMID: 16274478. [17]. Berezikov E et al. (2006) PMID: 16954537. [18]. Subramanian S et al. (2008) PMID: 17922033. [19]. Berezikov E et al. (2007) PMID: 17964270. [20]. Morin R D et al. (2008) PMID: 18285502. [21]. Nygaard S et al. (2009) PMID: 19508715. [22]. Kim J et al. (2004) PMID: 14691248. [23]. Weber M J (2005) PMID: 15634332. [24]. Lagos-Quintana M et al. (2003) PMID: 12554859. [25]. Schotte D et al. (2009) PMID: 18923441. [26]. Zhu J Y et al. (2009) PMID: 19144710. [27]. Wyman S K et al. (2009) PMID: 19390579. [28]. Creighton C J et al. (2010) PMID: 20224791. [29]. Houbaviy H B et al. (2003) PMID: 12919684. [30]. Goff L A et al. (2009) PMID: 19784364. [31]. Stark M S et al. (2010) PMID: 20300190. [32]. Persson H et al. (2011) PMID: 21199797. [33]. Dannemann M et al. (2012) PMID: 22454130. [34]. Witten D et al. (2010) PMID: 20459774. [35]. Vaz C et al. (2010) PMID: 20459673. [36]. Altuvia Y et al. (2005) PMID: 15891114. [37]. Poy M N et al. (2004) PMID: 15538371. [38]. Liao J-Y et al. (2010) PMID: 20498841. [39]. Joyce C E et al. (2011) PMID: 21807764. [40]. Kasashima K et al. (2004) PMID: 15325244. [41]. Bentwich I et al. (2005) PMID: 15965474. [42]. Zhang R et al. (2007) PMID: 17416744.

TABLE 2 siRNAs specifically targeting BARD1 9′L (i.e. directed against the RNA sequence listed in Sequence 2 which is only present in BARD1 9′L but not in RNA encoding FL BARD1 or BARD1 isoforms) starting ending siRNA target target sense siRNA  antisense siRNA  SEQ ID number position position (5p→3p) (5p→3p) NOs:  1  14  32 CAAGGGUUCCUU GAAAUGAAAGG 6, 7 UCAUUUCTT AACCCUUGTT  2  15  33 AAGGGUUCCUU AGAAAUGAAAG 8, 9 UCAUUUCUTT GAACCCUUTT  3  16  34 AGGGUUCCUUUC UAGAAAUGAAA 10, 11 AUUUCUATT GGAACCCUTT  4  33  51 UAGAGCCUAGCG AUUGUCUCGCUA 12, 13 AGACAAUTT GGCUCUATT  5  34  52 AGAGCCUAGCGA AAUUGUCUCGCU 14, 15 GACAAUUTT AGGCUCUTT  6 111 129 UGGAAUGACUC ACUGUUUAGAG 16, 17 UAAACAGUTT UCAUUCCATT  7 112 130 GGAAUGACUCU CACUGUUUAGA 18, 19 AAACAGUGTT GUCAUUCCTT  8 164 182 UAACCUGAAGCU UGUUCACAGCUU 20, 21 GUGAACATT CAGGUUATT  9 228 246 AGCCCAAUCAAA GAGAUGAUUUG 22, 23 UCAUCUCTT AUUGGGCUTT 10 229 247 GCCCAAUCAAAU AGAGAUGAUUU 24, 25 CAUCUCUTT GAUUGGGCTT 11 230 248 CCCAAUCAAAUC UAGAGAUGAUU 26, 27 AUCUCUATT UGAUUGGGTT 12 269 287 UACCUGUCACAU GUUUGGCAUGU 28, 29 GCCAAACTT GACAGGUATT 13 270 288 ACCUGUCACAUG GGUUUGGCAUG 30, 31 CCAAACCTT UGACAGGUTT 14 275 293 UCACAUGCCAAA GGAUAGGUUUG 32, 33 CCUAUCCTT GCAUGUGATT 15 278 296 CAUGCCAAACCU UUGGGAUAGGU 34, 35 AUCCCAATT UUGGCAUGTT 16 353 371 GCUUGGUGCUG UUAGUCUACAGC 36, 37 UAGACUAATT ACCAAGCTT 17 354 372 CUUGGUGCUGU UUUAGUCUACA 38, 39 AGACUAAATT GCACCAAGTT 18 363 381 GUAGACUAAAG GGAAUGUGCUU 40, 41 CACAUUCCTT UAGUCUACTT 19 364 382 UAGACUAAAGC AGGAAUGUGCU 42, 43 ACAUUCCUTT UUAGUCUATT 20 376 394 CAUUCCUUCAUG GAUUUGACAUG 44, 45 UCAAAUCTT AAGGAAUGTT 21 377 395 AUUCCUUCAUGU UGAUUUGACAU 46, 47 CAAAUCATT GAAGGAAUTT 22 380 398 CCUUCAUGUCAA AAGUGAUUUGA 48, 49 AUCACUUTT CAUGAAGGTT 23 604 622 GUUCAGUACUA CCAUAAGUUAG 50, 51 ACUUAUGGTT UACUGAACTT 24 705 723 GUAAGAUUUCU AUGCAAACAGA 52, 53 GUUUGCAUTT AAUCUUACTT 25 760 778 AAACCACUUAGG CAAUUUACCUAA 54, 55 UAAAUUGTT GUGGUUUTT 26 761 779  AACCACUUAGGU GCAAUUUACCUA 56, 57 AAAUUGCTT AGUGGUUTT 27 801 819 UAGUGCUCACUU AAGUAUCAAGU 58, 59 GAUACUUTT GAGCACUATT 28 806 824 CUCACUUGAUAC AAACUAAGUAU 60, 61 UUAGUUUTT CAAGUGAGTT 29 807 825 UCACUUGAUACU CAAACUAAGUA 62, 63 UAGUUUGTT UCAAGUGATT 30 810 828 CUUGAUACUUA AAGCAAACUAA 64, 65 GUUUGCUUTT GUAUCAAGTT

REFERENCES

Ambros V. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature. 2004 Sep. 16; 431(7006):350-5.

Behm-Ansmant I, Rehwinkel J, Doerks T, Stark A, Bork P, Izaurralde E. mRNA degradation by miRNAs and GW182 requires both CCR4:NOT deadenylase and DCP1:DCP2 decapping complexes. Genes & Development. 2006 Jul. 15; 20(14):1885-1898.

Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos J A, Dutta A, Guigó R, Gingeras T R, Margulies E H, et al. Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature. 2007 Jun. 14; 447(7146):799-816.

Bosse K R, Diskin S J, Cole K A, Wood A C, Schnepp R W, Norris G, et al. Common variation at BARD1 results in the expression of an oncogenic isoform that influences neuroblastoma susceptibility and oncogenicity. Cancer Res. 2012 Apr. 15; 72(8):2068-78.

Brown C J, Ballabio A, Rupert J L, Lafreniere R G, Grompe M, Tonlorenzi R, et al. A gene from the region of the human X inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome. Nature. 1991 Jan. 3; 349(6304):38-44.

Buechner J, Tømte E, Haug B H, Henriksen J R, Løkke C, Flægstad T, et al. Tumour-suppressor microRNAs let-7 and mir-101 target the proto-oncogene MYCN and inhibit cell proliferation in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Br J Cancer. 2011 Jul. 12; 105(2):296-303.

Bueno M J, Pérez de Castro I, Gómez de Cedrón M, Santos J, Calin G A, Cigudosa J C, et al. Genetic and epigenetic silencing of microRNA-203 enhances ABL1 and BCR-ABL1 oncogene expression. Cancer Cell. 2008 June; 13(6):496-506.

Capasso M, Devoto M, Hou C, Asgharzadeh S, Glessner J T, Attiyeh E F, et al. Common variations in BARD1 influence susceptibility to high-risk neuroblastoma. Nat Genet. 2009 June; 41(6):718-23.

Carninci P, Kasukawa T, Katayama S, Gough J, Frith M C, Maeda N, et al. The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science. 2005 Sep. 2; 309(5740):1559-63.

Chiang Y, Song Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Yue Z, Xu H, et al. Aberrant expression of miR-203 and its clinical significance in gastric and colorectal cancers. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011 January; 15(1):63-70.

Creekmore A L, Ziegler Y S, Bonéy J L, Nardulli A M. Estrogen receptor alpha regulates expression of the breast cancer 1 associated ring domain 1 (BARD1) gene through intronic DNA sequence. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2007 Mar. 15; 267(1-2):106-15.

Croce C M. Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 October; 10(10):704-14.

Derrien T, Johnson R, Bussotti G, Tanzer A, Djebali S, Tilgner H, et al. The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Res. 2012 September; 22(9):1775-89.

Dinger M E, Pang K C, Mercer T R, Crowe M L, Grimmond S M, Mattick J S. NRED: a database of long noncoding RNA expression. Nucl Acids Res. 2009 Jan. 1; 37(suppl 1):D122-D126.

Dizin E, Irminger-Finger I. Negative feedback loop of BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase on estrogen receptor alpha stability and activity antagonized by cancer-associated isoform of BARD1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 May; 42(5):693-700.

Feber A, Xi L, Luketich J D, Pennathur A, Landreneau R J, Wu M, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles of esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 February; 135(2):255-260; discussion 260.

Feki A, Jefford C E, Berardi P, Wu J-Y, Cartier L, Krause K-H, et al. BARD1 induces apoptosis by catalysing phosphorylation of p53 by DNA-damage response kinase. Oncogene. 2005 May 26; 24(23):3726-36.

Furuta M, Kozaki K, Tanaka S, Arii S, Imoto I, Inazawa J. miR-124 and miR-203 are epigenetically silenced tumor-suppressive microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2010 May; 31(5):766-76.

Garzon R, Marcucci G, Croce C M. Targeting microRNAs in cancer: rationale, strategies and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 October; 9(10):775-89.

Gaur A, Jewell D A, Liang Y, Ridzon D, Moore J H, Chen C, et al. Characterization of microRNA expression levels and their biological correlates in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 2007 Mar. 15; 67(6):2456-68.

Guttilla I K, Phoenix K N, Hong X, Tirnauer J S, Claffey K P, White B A. Prolonged mammosphere culture of MCF-7 cells induces an EMT and repression of the estrogen receptor by microRNAs. Breast Cancer Res Treat [Internet]. 2011 May 7 [cited 2011 Jun. 21]; Available from: http colon slash slash www dot ncbi dot nlm dot nih dot gov/pubmed/21553120

Hao Y, Gu X, Zhao Y, Greene S, Sha W, Smoot D T, et al. Enforced expression of miR-101 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by modulating the COX-2 pathway in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 July; 4(7):1073-83.

Hashizume R, Fukuda M, Maeda I, Nishikawa H, Oyake D, Yabuki Y, et al. The RING heterodimer BRCA1-BARD1 is a ubiquitin ligase inactivated by a breast cancer-derived mutation. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4; 276(18):14537-40.

He S, Liu S, Zhu H. The sequence, structure and evolutionary features of HOTAIR in mammals. BMC Evol Biol. 2011; 11:102.

Irminger-Finger I, Jefford C E. Is there more to BARD1 than BRCA1? Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 May; 6(5):382-91.

Irminger-Finger I, Soriano J V, Vaudan G, Montesano R, Sappino A P. In vitro repression of Brca1-associated RING domain gene, Bard1, induces phenotypic changes in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Biol. 1998 Nov. 30; 143(5):1329-39.

Jin Y, Xu X L, Yang M C, Wei F, Ayi T C, Bowcock A M, et al. Cell cycle-dependent colocalization of BARD1 and BRCA1 proteins in discrete nuclear domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Oct. 28; 94(22):12075-80.

Joukov V, Groen A C, Prokhorova T, Gerson R, White E, Rodriguez A, et al. The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer modulates ran-dependent mitotic spindle assembly. Cell. 2006 Nov. 3; 127(3):539-52.

Kapranov P, Cheng J, Dike S, Nix D A, Duttagupta R, Willingham A T, et al. RNA Maps Reveal New RNA Classes and a Possible Function for Pervasive Transcription. Science. 2007 Jun. 8; 316(5830):1484-8.

Larsen D H, Poinsignon C, Gudjonsson T, Dinant C, Payne M R, Hari F J, et al. The chromatin-remodeling factor CHD4 coordinates signaling and repair after DNA damage. J Cell Biol. 2010 Sep. 6; 190(5):731-40.

Latorre V, Diskin S J, Diamond M A, Zhang H, Hakonarson H, Maris J M, et al. Replication of neuroblastoma SNP association at the BARD1 locus in African-Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012 April; 21(4):658-63.

Laufer M, Nandula S V, Modi A P, Wang S, Jasin M, Murty V V V S, et al. Structural requirements for the BARD1 tumor suppressor in chromosomal stability and homology-directed DNA repair. J Biol Chem. 2007 Nov. 23; 282(47):34325-33.

Lee Y H, Kim J-H, Song G G. Genome-wide pathway analysis in neuroblastoma. Tumour Biol. 2013 Nov. 30;

Lepore I, Dell'Aversana C, Pilyugin M, Conte M, Nebbioso A, De Bellis F, et al. HDAC inhibitors repress BARD1 isoform expression in acute myeloid leukemia cells via activation of miR-19a and/or b. PLoS ONE. 2013 Dec. 11;

Leung-Kuen Au S, Chak-Lui Wong C, Man-Fong Lee J, Ngo-Yin Fan D, Hoching Tsang F, Oi-Lin Ng I, et al. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) epigenetically silences multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs to promote liver cancer metastasis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) [Internet]. 2012 Feb. 28 [cited 2012 Mar. 26]; Available from: http colon slash slash www dot ncbi dot nlm dot nih dot gov/pubmed/22370893

Li L, Cohen M, Wu J, Sow M H, Nikolic B, Bischof P, et al. Identification of BARD1 splice-isoforms involved in human trophoblast invasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007a; 39(9):1659-72.

Li L, Ryser S, Dizin E, Pils D, Krainer M, Jefford C E, et al. Oncogenic BARD1 isoforms expressed in gynecological cancers. Cancer Res. 2007b Dec. 15; 67(24):11876-85.

Li M, Yu X. Function of BRCA1 in the DNA Damage Response Is Mediated by ADP-Ribosylation. Cancer Cell. 2013 May 13; 23(5):693-704.

Lombardi G, Falaschi E, Di Cristofano C, Naccarato A G, Sensi E, Aretini P, et al. Identification of novel alternatively spliced BRCA1-associated RING domain (BARD1) messenger RNAs in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in sporadic breast cancer tissues. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2007 September; 46(9):791-5.

Luo L, Zhang T, Liu H, Lv T, Yuan D, Yao Y, et al. MiR-101 and Mcl-1 in non-small-cell lung cancer: expression profile and clinical significance. Med Oncol [Internet]. 2011 Oct. 13 [cited 2012 Mar. 26]; Available from: http colon slash slash www dot ncbi dot nlm dot nih dot gov/pubmed/21993632

Matouk I J, Abbasi I, Hochberg A, Galun E, Dweik H, Akkawi M. Highly upregulated in liver cancer noncoding RNA is overexpressed in hepatic colorectal metastasis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 June; 21(6):688-92.

Mazumder B, Seshadri V, Fox P L. Translational control by the 3′-UTR: the ends specify the means. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2003 February; 28(2):91-8.

McCarthy E E, Celebi J T, Baer R, Ludwig T. Loss of Bard1, the heterodimeric partner of the Brca1 tumor suppressor, results in early embryonic lethality and chromosomal instability. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 July; 23(14):5056-63.

Murray M M, Mullan P B, Harkin D P. Role played by BRCA1 in transcriptional regulation in response to therapy. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007 November; 35(Pt 5):1342-6.

Nana-Sinkam S P, Croce C M. MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in cancer. Translational Research. 2011 April; 157(4):216-25.

Nguyen L B, Diskin S J, Capasso M, Wang K, Diamond M A, Glessner J, et al. Phenotype restricted genome-wide association study using a gene-centric approach identifies three low-risk neuroblastoma susceptibility Loci. PLoS Genet. 2011 March; 7(3):e1002026.

Panzitt K, Tschernatsch M M O, Guelly C, Moustafa T, Stradner M, Strohmaier H M, et al. Characterization of HULC, a Novel Gene With Striking Up-Regulation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, as Noncoding RNA. Gastroenterology. 2007 January; 132(1):330-42.

Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, Carver B, Haveman W J, Pandolfi P P. A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature. 2010 Jun. 24; 465(7301): 1033-8.

Pollard K, Hubisz M, Siepel A. Detection of non-neutral substitution rates on mammalian phylogenies. Genome Res. 2009 Oct. 26; gr.097857.109.

Ponting C P, Oliver P L, Reik W. Evolution and Functions of Long Noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2009 Feb. 20; 136(4):629-41.

Ratajska M, Antoszewska E, Piskorz A, Brozek I, Borg A, Kusmierek H, et al. Cancer predisposing BARD1 mutations in breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Res Treat [Internet]. 2011 Feb. 23 [cited 2011 Aug. 2]; Available from: http colon slash slash www dot ncbi dot nlm dot nih dot gov/pubmed/21344236

Ryser S, Dizin E, Jefford C E, Delaval B, Gagos S, Christodoulidou A, et al. Distinct roles of BARD1 isoforms in mitosis: full-length BARD1 mediates Aurora B degradation, cancer-associated BARD1beta scaffolds Aurora B and BRCA2. Cancer Res. 2009 Feb. 1; 69(3):1125-34.

Sabatier R, Adélaïde J, Finetti P, Ferrari A, Huiart L, Sobol H, et al. BARD1 homozygous deletion, a possible alternative to BRCA1 mutation in basal breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2010 December; 49(12):1143-51.

Saini S, Majid S, Yamamura S, Tabatabai Z L, Suh S O, Shahryari V, et al. Regulatory role of miR-203 in prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2010 Dec. 15 [cited 2011 Apr. 13]; Available from: http colon slash slash www dot ncbi dot nlm dot nih dot gov/pubmed/21159887

Salmena L, Poliseno L, Tay Y, Kats L, Pandolfi P P. A ceRNA Hypothesis: The Rosetta Stone of a Hidden RNA Language? Cell. 2011 Aug. 5; 146(3):353-8.

Siepel A, Bejerano G, Pedersen J S, Hinrichs A S, Hou M, Rosenbloom K, et al. Evolutionarily conserved elements in vertebrate, insect, worm, and yeast genomes. Genome Res. 2005 Aug. 1; 15(8):1034-50.

Sporn J C, Hothorn T, Jung B H. BARD1 expression predicts outcome in colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res [Internet]. 2011 Jun. 21 [cited 2011 Jul. 29]; Available from: http colon slash slash www dot ncbi dot nlm dot nih dot gov/pubmed/21693656

Starita L M, Parvin J D. The multiple nuclear functions of BRCA1: transcription, ubiquitination and DNA repair. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 2003 June; 15(3):345-50.

Thu K L, Chari R, Lockwood W W, Lam S, Lam W L. miR-101 DNA copy loss is a prominent subtype specific event in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 September; 6(9):1594-8.

Tsuzuki M, Wu W, Nishikawa H, Hayami R, Oyake D, Yabuki Y, et al. A truncated splice variant of human BARD1 that lacks the RING finger and ankyrin repeats. Cancer Letters. 2006 Feb. 20; 233(1):108-16.

Varambally S, Cao Q, Mani R-S, Shankar S, Wang X, Ateeq B, et al. Genomic loss of microRNA-101 leads to overexpression of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in cancer. Science. 2008 Dec. 12; 322(5908):1695-9.

Viticchiè G, Lena A M, Latina A, Formosa A, Gregersen L H, Lund A H, et al. MiR-203 controls proliferation, migration and invasive potential of prostate cancer cell lines. Cell Cycle. 2011 Apr. 1; 10(7):1121-31.

Wakiyama M, Takimoto K, Ohara O, Yokoyama S. Let-7 microRNA-mediated mRNA deadenylation and translational repression in a mammalian cell-free system. Genes & Development. 2007; 21(15):1857-1862.

Wang J, Liu X, Wu H, Ni P, Gu Z, Qiao Y, et al. CREB up-regulates long non-coding RNA, HULC expression through interaction with microRNA-372 in liver cancer. Nucl Acids Res. 2010 Sep. 1; 38(16):5366-83.

Wang J, Zhang J, Zheng H, Li J, Liu D, Li H, et al. Mouse transcriptome: neutral evolution of “non-coding” complementary DNAs. Nature. 2004 Oct. 14; 431(7010):1 p following 757; discussion following 757.

Wapinski O, Chang H Y. Long noncoding RNAs and human disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2011 June; 21(6):354-61.

Wellner U, Schubert J, Burk U C, Schmalhofer O, Zhu F, Sonntag A, et al. The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 December; 11(12):1487-95.

Westermark U K, Reyngold M, Olshen A B, Baer R, Jasin M, Moynahan M E. BARD1 Participates with BRCA1 in Homology-Directed Repair of Chromosome Breaks. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 November; 23(21):7926-36.

Wilusz J E, Sunwoo H, Spector D L. Long noncoding RNAs: functional surprises from the RNA world. Genes Dev. 2009 Jul. 1; 23(13):1494-504.

Wu J-Y, Vlastos A-T, Pelte M-F, Caligo M-A, Bianco A, Krause K-H, et al. Aberrant expression of BARD1 in breast and ovarian cancers with poor prognosis. Int J Cancer. 2006a Mar. 1; 118(5):1215-26.

Wu L, Fan J, Belasco J G. MicroRNAs direct rapid deadenylation of mRNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006b Mar. 14; 103(11):4034-4039.

Zhang Y-Q, Bianco A, Malkinson A M, Leoni V P, Frau G, De Rosa N, et al. BARD1: an independent predictor of survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer. 2012a Jul. 1; 131(1):83-94.

Zhang Y-Q, Pilyugin M, Kuester D, Leoni V P, Li L, Casula G, et al. Expression of oncogenic BARD1 isoforms affects colon cancer progression and correlates with clinical outcome. British journal of cancer [Internet]. 2012b Jul. 19 [cited 2012 Jul. 31]; Available from: http colon slash slash www dot ncbi dot nlm dot nih dot gov/pubmed/22814582 

We claim:
 1. A BARD1 9′L RNA molecule comprising or consisting of Sequence
 1. 2. BARD1 9′L molecule according to claim 1 characterized by additions or deletions, optionally at the 5′ or/and 3′ end from 5 to 1000 nucleotides.
 3. A method of treating cancer in a subject with an elevated BARD1 9′L, the method comprising administering an effective amount of an siRNA specifically interfering with the expression or function of BARD1 9′L.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the cancer is pancreatic, prostate, neuroblastoma, liver, lung, colorectal cancer, breast cancer or leukemia.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the siRNA is directed against Sequence
 2. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the siRNA comprises or consists of a sequence as depicted in Table
 2. 7. A method of screening for compounds, optionally siRNA, useful in the prevention or treatment of cancer wherein i. the compounds are applied to cells expressing BARD1 9′L, ii. measuring with known techniques FL BARD1 and BARD1 isoforms wherein their level of expression is indicative of the usefulness of the compound in the prevention or treatment of cancer.
 8. A method for the identification and/or quantification of BARD1 9′L RNA in one or more cells, optionally wherein the cells are harvested under suitable conditions, the nucleic acid molecules of said cells are collected with a suitable technique, the collected nucleic acid molecules are subject to RT-PCR under suitable conditions wherein one or more primers hybridize under suitable conditions with the BARD1 9′L RNA or cDNA produced on the BARD1 9′L RNA template.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the primers hybridize with the sequences comprised in Sequence 3 or with the cDNA produced on RNA template comprised in Sequence
 3. 10. A method for the prevention or treatment of cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising the steps of: i. identifying the expression of BARD1 9′L in a sample of said patient, optionally quantifying the level of expression, ii. administering an effective amount of one or more siRNAs specifically interfering with the expression or function of BARD1 9′L to patients who express BARD1 9′L, preferably in a predefined amount or concentration.
 11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the sample is blood or a biopsy.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more siRNAs are directed against Sequence
 2. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more siRNAs comprise or consist of a sequence as depicted in Table
 2. 14. The method according to claim 8, wherein identification or/and quantification is performed by RT-PCR or nuclear acid sequencing or nuclear acid hybridization.
 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein identification or/and quantification is performed by RT-PCR or nuclear acid sequencing or nuclear acid hybridization.
 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein identification or/and quantification is performed by RT-PCR or nuclear acid sequencing or nuclear acid hybridization.
 17. A BARD1 9′L promoter comprising or consisting of Sequence 4 or
 5. 